Dependência álcool ADN?

Gostar mais (que leva a maior consumo e eventualmente dependência) e ADN? Parece que sim:
https://www.metropoles.com/saude/bebe-demais-gostar-de-alcool-pode-estar-no-seus-genes

Citando:
"Entre essas variações, dois genes são específicos para regular a relação com a bebida: um deles participa do sistema de prazer e recompensa, enquanto o outro torna o álcool e os alimentos açucarados mais agradáveis ao paladar.

Um terceiro gene –  o ADH1B – regula o metabolismo do álcool pelo corpo: pessoas com pouca expressão dele demoram mais para sentir os efeitos da bebida e não se sentem nauseados rapidamente, podendo consumir maiores quantidades."

Cuidados antes, durante e depois...

... de consumir álcool. Seus malandros :):
https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/saude/2019/12/26/confira-dicas-para-proteger-o-figado-e-diminuir-efeitos-do-consumo-de-alcool-neste-fim-de-ano.html

Álcool e cancro?

Parece que sim. Para Japoneses.
https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/lifestyle/1382987/dois-copos-por-dia-deste-tipo-de-bebida-aumentam-em-54-risco-de-cancro

Atenção que o tipo de estudo foi inquérito:
""Uma bebida por dia não representa grande risco. Mas beber demais por longos períodos de tempo pode ser perigoso. Por mais que gostemos de beber, temos de pensar duas vezes”, comentou o professor e líder do estudo Masayoshi Zaitsu, da Universidade de Tóquio, no Japão, ao jornal The New York Times. "

Álcool não protector

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alcohol-drinking-stroke-wine-cancer-dementia-risk-a8855511.html

Citando:
"A glass of wine or beer a day may not protect you from serious heart and circulatory disease, as a new study shows every alcoholic drink raises the chances of a stroke.

Moderate drinkers, who had one or two drinks a day, saw their stroke risk rise around 15 per cent compared to non-drinkers and this increased the more they drank, the University of Oxford led research found."

Janeiro a seco?

Passar um mês sem beber? Sim, mas...
https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/health/dry-january-could-actually-bad-13799409

Citando:
"Although there are physical benefits to giving your body a break, Dr Wright warns that the approach is not the best psychologically for problem drinkers - and it won't improve your health if you just go back to your usual habits again.

He said: "Giving up alcohol for dry January as some sort of detox is like maxing out your credit cards all year and thinking you can solve your financial problems by living like a hermit for a month."

Os 5 tipos de alcoólicos...

... No Reino Unido:
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-6433537/Does-alcohol-hangover-injury-Scientists-uncover-five-types-problem-drinkers.html

Estudo da OMS sobre o consumo de álcool

... não trazer benefícios alguns (que contrariamente ao que habitualmente se considera) pode estar avaliado por baixo:
https://gizmodo.com/world-health-organization-study-finds-alcohol-responsib-1829247664

Citando:
"An enormous study recently published in the Lancet concluded that despite a longstanding popular impression (including in the medical community) that moderate alcohol consumption may be good for health, any gains are more than outweighed by the harms. The lead author of that study, Max Griswold, told Gizmodo that “We found that there isn’t really any benefit of drinking to your health... The safest level, from a health perspective, is not drinking at all.”

According to that study, drinking two alcoholic beverages a day increases the risk of premature death by up to seven percent.

(...)

According to the Guardian, Poznyak believes that the WHO study in fact underestimates the harms of drinking because it does not include data on children who begin drinking before the age of 15, which he said is common in “many countries.”"

Zero álcool?

https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/24/health-impacts-of-drinking-no-level-of-alcohol-safe-lancet-study.html

O estudo:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext#seccestitle70

Beber e amamentar?

... É seguro para o bebé?
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/drinking-alcohol-breastfeeding-may-affect-babys-cognition-study/

Citando:
""There may be cognitive deficits in children in the ages of 6 to 7 years old if the mom consumes alcohol while breastfeeding," Dr. Elissa Rubin, medical director of Happy and Healthy Pediatrics in Mineola, New York, said. However, the effect may not be lasting. "They don't see those same results in the ages of 10 to 11" when the children were retested, said Rubin, who was not involved with the study."

Álcool e cancro (e bacon e salsichas)?

Parece que sim:
https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/cancer-healthy-eating-advice-wine-14705905

Citando:
"The WCRF found boozing is directly linked to increased risk of six cancers and for the first time recommended sticking to water or unsweetened drinks.

It added stomach cancer to its previous list of cancers of the bowel, breast, oesophagus, liver and throat."

O estudo sobre os estudos que recomenda que as 100g de alcool não sejam ultrapassados por se

... Mas o que são 100g de alcool? São mais ou menos 2*5 copos de bebidas / dia, sendo que os copos estão normalmente dimensionados para conter cerca de 10g,. Ou seja, 10 copos por semana?
É só fazer as contas, "como dizia o outro".  Mas cuidado com os copos, porque há copos de cerveja que são canecas.
Citando a Wikipedia:

"Uma unidade de bebida padrão é uma forma simplificada de medir o volume de álcool puro numa bebida alcoólica, sendo usada em vários países para orientar e facilitar o cálculo da ingestão diária ou semanal de álcool. Embora as bebidas tenham diferentes graduações alcoólicas, os diferentes tipos e tamanhos de copos fazem com que a quantidade de álcool ingerida seja praticamente a mesma, o que corresponde a 10 – 12 gramas de álcool por copo ou uma unidade de bebida padrão. A Organização Mundial de Saúde recomenda que não sejam ultrapassadas as 2 unidades diárias (20 g álcool) e a abstinência durante dois dias por semana.^[1]

	Cerveja	Vinho	Aperitivo	Aguardente
Capacidade do copo	3 dl	1,65 dl	0,5 dl	0,5 dl
Conteúdo de álcool puro	12 g	12 a 13 g	10 a 12 g	14 a 16 g

(...)"

Beber cerveja, um bocado de peso a mais e cafeína ajuda a longevidade?

https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/us-news/alcohol-being-overweight-good-you-12049410

Citando:
"People who drank modest consumption of alcohol – from one or two beers or glasses of wine a week to one daily drink – lived longer on average than people who abstained.

People who consumed 200 to 400 milligrams of caffeine per day – about two cups of coffee – also lived longer.

The ongoing study shows being overweight has negative effect until 80 but after that it gives you a 3% reduction in the chance of dying.

The latest findings unveiled at the world’s biggest science conference in Austin, Texas, showed that after 80 being underweight increased mortality rates by half."

Álcool provoca mutações genéticas em células estaminais...

E os dois níveis de protecção que o vão evitando:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jan/03/alcohol-can-cause-irreversible-genetic-damage-to-stem-cells-says-study

Citando:
"During the past decade, there has been mounting evidence of the link between drinking and the risk of certain cancers.

Alcohol is a direct cause of seven forms of cancer, finds study

“This paper provides very strong evidence that an alcohol metabolite causes DNA damage [including] to the all-important stem cells that go on to make tissues.”

(...)

The latest work showed that acetaldehyde slices through DNA, causing permanent damage, if the effects of the toxin are not neutralised by two natural defence mechanisms. The first tier of defence clears away the acetaldehyde and the second repairs the DNA damage.

By genetically “knocking out” these two layers of defence, scientists were able to show DNA damage accumulating until cells eventually stopped working entirely.

The study revealed that DNA damage was exacerbated when mice lacked the first tier of defence – a protective enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), which prevents potentially toxic build-ups of acetaldehyde. About 8% of the world’s population, mostly those of East Asian ancestry, have an inherited deficiency in ALDH2 (sometimes known as the flushing mutation), which could explain the high prevalence of oesophageal cancers in countries such as China."

Reacções ao álcool?

Estudo tenta perceber diferentes reacções ao álcool (pode ter a ver com o tipo de bebida e não apenas a personalidade de cada pessoa):
http://visao.sapo.pt/visaomais/2017-11-25-Para-cada-bebida-seu-estado-de-espirito

Álcool e cancro da mama?

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4532240/One-small-glass-wine-day-raises-breast-cancer-risk.html

Citação:
"Even following safe drinking guidelines of 14 units a week could endanger health
Daily glass of wine raises risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer by 5 per cent 
Also raises risk of post-menopausal breast cancer by 9 per centc.12,000 breast cancer cases could be prevented per year if noone drank alcohol"

Álcool e gravidez?

Parece que sim. E parece que quanto mais instruídas as pessoas (mães) pior:
https://m.medicalxpress.com/news/2017-04-norwegian-women-pregnant-british.html

Citando:
"It seems like a paradox that older and more highly educated women were more likely to drink during pregnancy, which also confirms prior research on the topic.

This study did not look at the relationship between education and the amount or frequency of drinking during pregnancy.

The study authors speculate whether older, more educated women might be more critical towards guidelines that recommend complete abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. The authors wonder whether older women are less exposed than younger women to the health campaigns that warn against alcohol use during pregnancy, especially if they drank a little during previous pregnancies and had healthy children.

The study authors believe it is important for national campaigns to target all women of childbearing age:

"There is no defined safe minimum amount of alcohol to drink during pregnancy. We therefore recommend that all pregnant women should adhere to the guidelines for total alcohol abstinence during pregnancy," says Nordeng"

Linhas orientadoras de consumo de álcool no RU explicadas

A percepção dos efeitos do álcool mudou muito em 20 anos e o RU alterou radicalmente as suas linha orientadoras de consumo (em Janeiro de 2016) para 14 volumes de álcool por semana, uma das mais restritivas na Europa. Detalhes da decisão e das quantidades recomendadas:
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35252650
Citando:
"The review found that the benefits of alcohol for heart health only apply for women aged 55 and over - and even then it's in very small amounts, around five units a week.
The guidelines say: "There is no justification for recommending drinking on health grounds - nor for starting drinking for health reasons."
It also says that evidence in support for drinking alcohol in small amounts to maintain good health was "weaker than it was at the time of 1995"."
(...)

Is there a safe drinking level?


No. The new recommendations are at pains to point out that these guidelines are not for "safe" drinking, but rather just at minimising risk of illness.
All alcohol consumption carries some risk, the guidance says.
"The vast majority of the population can reduce health risks further if they reduce drinking below the guideline levels, or do not drink at all," the guidance says.
Drinking above the new recommended 14 units a week is the point at which a person's risk of an early death increases by 1% - the equivalent amount of risk as driving a car."




PS. Muito interessante a tabela com os limites de diversos países (Espanha, 38; RU, 14). Se a ciência e investigação é a mesma, porque é que não há consenso nos limites, nem sequer na Europa?

Quanto tempo esperar depois de beber para conduzir?

Mais um artigo sobre o tema do álcool (e que indica o valor médio de um volume por hora de álcool processado e o maximo de 14 volumes por semana - no RU que tem o problema do binge drinking):


http://m.derbytelegraph.co.uk/how-long-is-it-safe-to-drive-after-drinking-alcohol-the-night-before/story-29940165-detail/story.html


Citando:
"How many units does a drink contain?
There is still confusion over this, but the NHS says there is roughly:
175ml glass of wine of average strength (12%) - 2.1 units
250ml glass of wine of average strength (12%) - 3 units
One pint of low-strength lager, beer or cider (3.6%) - 2 units
One pint of high-strength lager, beer or cider (5.2%) - 3 units
One single measure of spirits - 1 unit



How much alcohol is it safe to drink each week?

The Chief Medical Officers' (CMO) guideline for both men and women states that:
•To keep health risks from alcohol to a low level it is safest not to drink more than 14 units a week on a regular basis
•If you regularly drink as much as 14 units per week, it's best to spread your drinking evenly over three or more days. "
"

Efeitos do consumo exagerado de álcool no corpo

Alguns efeitos recordados (sono, pele, fígado, cérebro, ...) e informação sobre o processamento do álcool pelo fígado (1 volume por hora aprox.; 1 garrafa vinho tem aprox. 10 volumes/units):
http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/body/health/news/a48302/what-happens-to-body-heavy-drinking/
Citando:
"But here are the downsides: you end up getting drunk quicker, and it just masks the hangover, it doesn't take it away.
"It takes us an hour to metabolise one unit of alcohol," the doctor reminds us. So if you were drinking until 2am and had along the lines of a bottle and a half of wine - roughly 15 units - that will take 15 hours to completely remove itself from your system. If you start drinking again the next day, your body hasn't even finished metabolising last night's alcohol before it can start on the new influx, so you get drunk quicker.
"Your body is feeling bad for a reason. Listen to your body," says Dr O'Brien. Words of wisdom."

O álcool e as calorias

Artigo interessante com alguma informação das calorias médias de bebidas comuns e a necessidade de inclusão dessa informação nos rótulos para maior consciencialização de quem bebe:

http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35211341


Citando:
"The LGA says calories from alcohol are classed as "empty calories", with no nutritional value, and by drinking alcohol, the amount of fat the body burns for energy is reduced. "
(...)
"It also says a pint of cider at 4.5% has 216 calories and is the equivalent to three-quarters of a burger, while a single spirit at 40% is 61 calories or an eighth of a burger.
Over 24 hours, drinking five pints of beer at 4% strength is the equivalent to eating more than three burgers. A bottle of wine - about four small 175 ml glasses - has the same calorie count as more than two burgers, the association says."


@2012-12-20: Remoção dos 50 vol. e quotes