Sobre a resistência aos antibióticos

https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/mar/24/the-drugs-dont-work-what-happens-after-antibiotics

Citando:
"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the process of bacteria (and yeasts and viruses) evolving defence mechanisms against the drugs we use to treat them – is progressing so quickly that the UN has called it a “global health emergency”. At least 2 million Americans contract drug-resistant infections every year. So-called “superbugs” spread rapidly, in part because some bacteria are able to borrow resistance genes from neighbouring species via a process called horizontal gene transfer. In 2013, researchers in China discovered E coli containing mcr-1, a gene resistant to colistin, a last-line antibiotic that, until recently, was considered too toxic for human use. Colistin-resistant infections have now been detected in at least 30 countries."
(...)
"Making a dent in antibiotic resistance will require such international efforts. Some 90% of forecast deaths from AMR will take place in Africa and Asia – the countries where antibiotic overuse, and resistant infections, are highest. When the AMR review was published in 2016, O’Neill was encouraged by the international response. But since then, Brexit and the Trump administration have knocked AMR off the news agenda. And despite enthusiastic rhetoric, pharmaceutical companies continue to tread water.

“I occasionally think that pharmaceutical company CEOs say to themselves, ‘We’ll just wait until it becomes a real crisis,’” says O’Neill."

O estado da fast food...

... nos EUA:
https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2018/10/17/chain-reaction-burgers-gone-bad/1672029002

Citando:
"The review is in. And here's the pharmaceutical facts on your favorite fast food burgers.

According to a recent collaborative report that graded the Top 25 fast-food burger chains on their antibiotic policies, only two — Shake Shack and BurgerFi — received an "A" grade. Wendy's received a "D-," and the remaining 22 chains received an "F.""

Alterações na alimentação vs. uso de antibióticos...

... estudado:
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-08-scientists-common-dietary-elements-lethal.html

Citando:
"Salk Institute researchers report that giving mice dietary iron supplements enabled them to survive a normally lethal bacterial infection and resulted in later generations of those bacteria being less virulent. The approach, which appears in the journal Cell on August 9, 2018, demonstrates in preclinical studies that non-antibiotic-based strategies—such as nutritional interventions—can shift the relationship between the patient and pathogens away from antagonism and toward cooperation.

"Antibiotics and antimicrobials are one of the most important advances in medicine, and we definitely need to continue efforts focused on developing new classes of antimicrobials," says Associate Professor Janelle Ayres, who holds the Helen McLoraine Developmental Chair and is senior author of the new paper. "But we need to learn from history and think about other ways to treat infectious diseases. Our work suggests that instead of killing bacteria, if we promote the health of the host, we can tame the behavior of the bacteria so that they don't cause disease, and we can actually drive the evolution of less dangerous strains.""

(...)

"For the current work, Ayres' team studied a naturally occurring gastrointestinal infection in mice caused by Citrobacter rodentium (CR), which leads to diarrhea, weight loss and, in extreme cases, death. (CR is related to pathogenic E. coli that are associated with human food recalls.)"

Carne de frango e antibióticos (nos EUA)

https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/620034/carne-de-frango-esta-a-ser-afetada-por-uma-epidemia-ha-varias-decadas-

Citando:
"Quem lançou o alerta foi a jornalista norte-americana Maryn McKenna no seu livro intitulado “Plucked! The Truth About Chicken”, que foi publicado há cerca de um ano, sendo que o livro resulta de uma investigação sobre a utilização de antibióticos na indústria agro-alimentar. O estudo diz respeito ao frango que é produzido nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido, mas ainda assim o alerta serve para todo o mundo."(...)"O estudo revela que a utilização de antibióticos em demasia na produção de carnes que se destinam ao consumo humano retira as propriedades para combater, de forma eficaz, as bactérias que se tornam “resistentes”."

Guerra dos antibióticos?

Desde 1980 que não se descobrem novos antibióticos:
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-21702647

E porque é que isso é importante? Porque desenvolvem resistência e porque são muito mais usados do que se pensa.
Citando:
"Antibiotics are more widely used than you might think and a world without antibiotics would be far more dangerous.

They made deadly infections such as tuberculosis treatable, but their role in healthcare is far wider than that.

Surgery that involves cutting open the body poses massive risks of infection. Courses of antibiotics before and after surgery have enabled doctors to perform operations that would have been deadly before.

Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can damage the immune system. A course of antibiotics is prescribed to provide a much-needed boost alongside your body's own defences.

Anyone with an organ transplant faces a lifetime of drugs to suppress the immune system, otherwise it attacks the transplant, so antibiotics are used to protect the body."

O panorama terrível do frango no RU (E.Coli multi resistente)

http://m.huffpost.com/uk/entry/uk_57cd5ba6e4b01e35922bb63f


Citando:
"One in four supermarket chicken samples contain antibiotic-resistant E coli, according to research from the University of Cambridge.
A study discovered the bacteria in packs of meat sold at major supermarkets including Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s, Morrisons, Waitrose, the Co-op and Aldi.
Mark Holmes, who conducted the research, hailed the findings as “worrying”."
(...)
"He said that by the time they receive the right antibiotic, the bug could be “out of control”, which could potentially be fatal.
He raised concerns that not enough is being done to monitor antibiotic resistance in farm animals and retail meat.
The new study, which also analysed pork samples, found that half (51%) of all chicken and pork samples were resistant to the antibiotic trimethoprim. This is often used to treat lower urinary-tract infections."


i.e. quando se tenta uma segunda abordagem a bactéria já pode estar fora de controlo. Morreu ainda era semana uma criança por E. Coli em queijo.

Superbugs a chegar aos EUA (Colistin)

Mais uma notícia:


Citando:
"The mcr-1 gene makes bacteria resistant to colistin, an antibiotic used to treat multi-drug-resistant infections, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae or CRE, which US health officials have dubbed a 'nightmare' bacteria.
Colistin is the last antibiotic used to combat bacteria that are resistant to the strongest antibiotics."

Sobre o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos na criação de animais

Parecido com o problema nos humanos:
http://www.pig-world.co.uk/news/animal-health/farm-antibiotics-investors-are-right-to-be-worried.html
"The need to tackle human prescribing is still widely considered to be the highest priority in the drive to safeguard our antibiotics, but global attention is increasingly turning to the overuse of antibiotics in farming.
The discovery in late 2015 of the mcr-1 gene, which confers resistance to the “last-resort” antibiotic colistin, catapulted veterinary antibiotic use into the headlines worldwide. First found in China, the gene was subsequently discovered in at least 19 countries worldwide.

These findings, strongly linked to farm use of colistin, triggered widespread concern. Subsequently, 50 medics and scientists across Europe and the US called on MEPs to support a ban on routine preventative mass-medication of groups of healthy animals."

Sobre a resistência a antibióticos - The Economist

http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699116-how-combat-dangerous-rise-antibiotic-resistance-when-drugs-donu2019t-work


Citando:
"Resistance to antimicrobial medicines, such as antibiotics and antimalarials, is caused by the survival of the fittest. Unfortunately, fit microbes mean unfit human beings. Drug-resistance is not only one of the clearest examples of evolution in action, it is also the one with the biggest immediate human cost. And it is getting worse. Stretching today’s trends out to 2050, the 700,000 deaths could reach 10m. "

Superbug chega aos EUA

Não tinha a ideia que ainda não tinha chegado:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/05/26/the-superbug-that-doctors-have-been-dreading-just-reached-the-u-s/




Citando:
"Colistin is the antibiotic of last resort for particularly dangerous types of superbugs, including a family of bacteria known as CRE, which health officials have dubbed “nightmare bacteria.” In some instances, these superbugs kill up to 50 percent of patients who become infected."


PS. E já este mês vi uma notícia semelhante para a Austrália.
"

Avanços no conhecimento de bactérias resistentes a antibióticos

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-3458609/Scientists-superbugs-build-defences.html

Bacteria that resist 'last antibiotic' found in UK - BBC News

Bacteria that resist 'last antibiotic' found in UK - BBC News

Infografia interessante: How antibiotic resistance spreads (no link acima)
Citando:

"The routine preventative use in farming of colistin, and all antibiotics important in human medicine, needs to be banned immediately."


Marcadores: Colistin, Antibióticos, Resistência, UK, EN, Uso Indevido, 2015-12